U.S. Hay and Cotton Yields: Regional Variations and Climatic Impact

Crop (USA)
2024.08.15

Abstract

Annual yields of hay and cotton in the United States vary widely depending on region and climatic conditions. Hay production is concentrated primarily in the Western and Midwestern states, with Alaska’s production at 450 USD/t being an exception. Hay is primarily used as livestock feed, so areas with high production volumes are impacted by high demand for livestock. Cotton is primarily produced in the South and Southwest, with Texas being the largest producer. Cotton yields are highly dependent on weather conditions and do best in dry climates. Historically, hay and cotton production has been strongly linked to local climate and demand, with climatic and market forces influencing yields.

Average price (Hey)

The annual U.S. hay harvest has varied over time with regional variations in production. Looking back at data from 1866 to 2023, hay production has been on the rise, primarily in the Western and Midwestern states. In recent years, Alaska has recorded the highest yield at 450 USD/t. Alaska is a relatively new growing region and is experiencing rapid growth compared to other states, but yields remain stable compared to their peak. Historical data shows that climate change and changes in market demand have affected production volumes. Yields vary depending on local climate, advances in agricultural technology, and economic factors, but recent trends show a trend towards more efficient cultivation techniques and optimizing production in response to high demand.

Average price (Hey)
agri

The maximum is the latest one, 450usd/t of ALASKA

Average price (Hey, latest year)

Data on the US annual hay harvest for 2023 showed Alaska recording the highest yield at 450 usd/t. Alaska peaked this year and has been holding steady at 100% yield. Historically, hay production in the United States has taken place primarily in the West and Midwest, but Alaska’s growth reflects evolving climatic conditions and agricultural techniques. Alaska’s production increase is due to more efficient growing practices and increased demand. Overall, U.S. hay production is driven by regional characteristics and market forces, but has recently been marked by the adoption of new technologies and environmentally friendly approaches.

Average price (Hey, latest year)
agri

The maximum is 450usd/t of ALASKA, the average is 186usd/t, and the total is 9.29kusd/t

Average price (cotton)

According to data for 2023, California recorded the highest annual yield for US field cotton at 381 USD/t. The overall average price was 243 usd/t with a total yield of 4.13 kusd/t. These figures reflect regional variations in cotton production and market price fluctuations. Most cotton in the United States is produced in the South and Southwest, with Texas being the largest producer, but California also has an important production base. California’s high yields are a testament to advanced agricultural techniques and high production efficiency. Historically, cotton production has tended to favour dry climates, so it has been mainly produced in the dry regions of the south. As climate change and water constraints affect production, modern agricultural technologies and sustainable practices are being adopted. Overall, U.S. cotton production is subject to regional characteristics and market price fluctuations, but high harvesting efficiency and technological innovations help maintain a stable supply.

Average price (cotton)
agri

The maximum is 518usd/t[2022] of CALIFORNIA, and the current value is about 73.6%

Average price (Cotton, latest year)

Cotton production in the United States has undergone significant change between 1909 and 2023. Of particular note is the highest cotton price recorded by California in 2022 at $518/t. This peak demonstrates that California has advanced agricultural technology and an efficient production system. However, current prices are only 73.6% of their peak price, indicating that market fluctuations and changes in production conditions are having an impact. Cotton production occurs primarily in the South and Southwest, with Texas being the largest producer. California was a relatively latecomer to cotton production and has played a key role in recent years in both production and price. From the early 1900s to the present, cotton production has undergone significant advances due to climate change, technological innovation, and water management. In particular, the latest technology and improved varieties have enabled increased yields and stable quality. Overall, U.S. cotton production is influenced by regional characteristics and market trends, but continues to grow sustainably through technological innovation and efficient production management.

Average price (Cotton, latest year)
agri

The maximum is 381usd/t of CALIFORNIA, the average is 229usd/t, and the total is 4.35kusd/t

Main data

HAY(ALL CLASSES, ALL PRODUCTION PRACTICES, ALL UTILIZATION PRACTICES, PRICE RECEIVED, UNITED STATES) [usd/t]
ALASKA NEW MEXICO ARIZONA WASHINGTON OREGON COLORADO CALIFORNIA KANSAS UTAH US TOTAL
2023 450 292 274 270 269 259 245 228 222 211
2022 430 281 315 320 305 245 333 211 294 239
2021 430 230 212 232 239 224 230 158 233 193
2020 370 215 183 191 195 212 180 128 181 156
2019 350 223 204 193 197 231 192 127 181 168
2018 355 231 209 186 195 220 191 153 171 159
2017 360 178 172 172 170 172 168 111 134 137
2016 340 162 153 142 164 151 149 90.5 127 132
2015 370 199 163 174 192 179 172 106 162 151
2014 385 248 218 217 219 206 232 152 188 175
2013 395 242 201 209 200 236 199 164 182 183
2012 315 249 222 228 210 237 204 196 189 184
2011 300 258 222 212 227 204 224 169 185 178
2010 305 157 128 147 157 127 125 102 106 114
2009 310 151 121 134 143 134 104 101 102 117
2008 315 186 184 222 198 161 191 116 167 148
2007 270 164 150 149 157 138 154 99.5 129 127
2006 250 164 130 128 130 131 111 103 99.5 105
2005 240 125 124 114 114 101 128 70 94.5 96.3
2004 230 121 99.5 111 105 84 115 68 88.5 89.5
2003 225 142 89 93.5 88.5 86 90.5 68.5 81.5 88.8
2002 215 140 99.5 111 100 116 95.5 87.5 94.5 92.4
2001 210 124 99 120 112 101 115 89 95 96.5
2000 220 122 94 107 94.5 85.5 90.5 77 78.5 80.4
1999 195 113 88.5 98 92 69 89 65 71.5 76.9
1998 200 117 89.5 97 104 92 96 72.5 76 89.7
1997 190 124 111 115 117 101 117 84 84 100
1996 128 94 115 104 98 108 83 72 88.9
1995 114 78.5 97 99.5 88.5 98.5 75 66 82.2
1994 120 100 92.5 99 91 107 73 79.5 86.7
1993 105 92.5 98 97.5 77 102 71 65 84.7
1992 175 97.5 63.5 82.5 85 64.5 79.5 65.5 61 74.3
1991 175 107 70.5 80.5 92.5 70.5 80.5 63.5 56 71.2
1990 170 111 96 91 92 80.5 101 61 79.5 80.6
1989 150 110 98.5 89.5 88.5 91.5 100 72 82.5 85.4
1988 140 102 89.5 78.5 76 82 94 77 76 85.2
1987 155 89 81.5 54.5 68 62 77.5 58.5 67 65
1986 170 74.5 70.5 60 65 58 72.5 43 62.5 59.8
1985 155 80 79.5 84.5 76.5 57.5 83 48 67 67.6
1984 160 99 84.5 80.5 73 72 80.5 73 70.5 74
1983 180 90 93 78.5 75 68.5 90.5 74 77 75.8
1982 190 75 73.5 77 75 66 86.5 57 66 69.3
1981 160 84 74 67 60 65 76 58.5 59.5 67.3
1980 140 86.5 82.5 82.5 79.5 64.5 95 62 70 71
1979 130 69 81 73.5 64 53 87 48.5 55 59.4
1978 130 64 60.5 47.5 49 50 60 45 47 49.8
1977 135 58.5 65 53.5 56.5 56 60 43 58 53.7
1976 125 63.5 68.5 66 63.5 56 74.5 53 53.5 60.2
1975 130 54 59 58.5 59.5 54 61 48 52.5 52.1
1974 130 58.5 56 58 57.5 52 63 46 46.5 50.9
1973 90 45 43 60.5 52.5 45 50 38.5 38.5 41.6
1972 80 36.5 35 31.5 33.5 40 34.5 26.5 35 31.3
1971 80 35 33 29.5 31 30.5 31.5 24 29.5 28.1
1970 75 31.5 31.5 25.5 26 25.5 30 24.5 25 26.1
1969 70 27 28 26 26 25.5 27.5 21 24 24.7
1968 55 26.5 24 26 25.5 27 25 21 22 23.6
1967 55 30.5 30.5 23.5 24 27 28 20.5 23.5 24.5
1966 58 25 26.5 24.5 27 26 27.5 23.5 26.5 25
1965 60 23.2 24.9 22.8 25.8 24.9 23.5 18.2 23 23.2
1964 58 28.5 25.3 23 25.7 27.6 24.3 21.8 21.6 23.9
1963 58 31 30.7 22.7 23.9 27.5 27.5 22.6 20.4 24.6
1962 63 25.3 26.1 23.5 23.1 21.6 22.6 18.2 20.1 21.8
1961 66 24.1 23.2 20.6 21.9 21.7 20.3 17.2 25 20.7
1960 73.5 26.3 25.1 22.1 23.1 24.1 23.9 17.7 26.4 21.7
1959 24.3 25.7 23.5 25.5 22 25.5 16.3 22.9 22.3
1958 19.5 24.6 17.7 18.1 15.6 22.6 11.6 16.2 18.8
1957 23 26.5 15.8 16 17.9 22.4 15.4 17.1 19.3
1956 28.4 25.9 24.7 23.2 25.2 22.9 25.4 21.1 22.2
1955 26.1 28.2 27 26.6 22.4 25.7 20.3 22.4 22.5
1954 24.3 25.6 22.1 21.4 26.3 20.4 23 21.6 21.9
1953 24.9 23.1 20.3 20.2 20.9 21.1 25.6 19.5 21.9
1952 38 31 27.2 27.9 30.2 30.6 31.4 25.1 26.9
1951 39.3 34.4 28 28.4 32.6 29.8 23.7 30.3 25.7
1950 25.9 21 26.1 25 27.3 19.5 18.2 22.2 21.1
1949 21.6 19.7 25.7 26 20.3 22.2 15.5 20.8 21.1
1948 26.2 24.3
1947 23 22.9
1946 25.6 22.7
1945 20.2 20.3
1944 20.1 21.4
1943 21.4 19.9
1942 15.6 14.6
1941 11.7 12.3
1940 9.9 9.78
1939 9.9 10.3
1938 7.4 7
1937 9.3 9
1936 9.4 10.5
1935 8.6 7.6
1934 10.5 11.7
1933 6.8 7.7
1932 6.1 6
1931 8.6 8.6
1930 13.2 11
1929 18.7 11.4
1928 15.5 11.4
1927 10.6 10.3
1926 11.5 12.6
1925 18.8 12.9
1924 18 12.9
1923 16.1 12.9
1922 14.2 11.6
1921 16 10.9
1920 29.8 16.4
1919 21.4 21
1918 24.9 19.8
1917 22.7 17
1916 12.8 11.3
1915 10.2 10
1914 10.2 10.4
1913 11.5 11.3
1912 9.9 10.6
1911 10.8 13.3
1910 12.2 11.4
1909 12.4 10.2
1908 9.08
1907 11.6
1906 10.4
1905 8.49
1904 8.82
1903 9.18
1902 9.05
1901 9.88
1900 9.78
1899 8.2
1898 6.52
1897 7.21
1896 7.6
1895 9.63
1894 8.98
1893 9.48
1892 8.78
1891 8.65
1890 8.11
1889 7.74
1888 9.24
1887 10.09
1886 8.72
1885 10.07
1884 8.99
1883 8.77
1882 9.99
1881 12.23
1880 11.82
1879 9.63
1878 7.32
1877 8.72
1876 9.8
1875 12.75
1874 13.85
1873 14.4
1872 15.35
1871 16.57
1870 14.45
1869 12.76
1868 13.9
1867 14.3
1866 14.48

Reference

U.S. Department of Agriculture – Large Datasets (qs.crops_20240504.txt.gz)

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